Water & Wastewater Engineering
Project-based professional services where design authority, owner approval, and multi-discipline coordination determine delivery.
Inside this journey
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Utility Discovery
Align on regulatory drivers, asset condition, funding constraints, decision-makers, and top success signals for the utility.
Discovery Questions
Start with the Basics — Tell Us Who You Are
- Utility name, service area, and the population or number of connections you serve.
- Your role and primary responsibilities related to capital projects, operations, and permitting.
- Which systems do you operate today?
- Do you currently operate under a permit, consent decree, or enforcement action? If yes, name the relevant permits/agreements.
- What's one recent success or improvement your utility is proud of?
Are You Sitting On A Regulatory Timebomb?
- If regulators tightened your permit limits tomorrow, which requirement would create the most immediate operational or financial pain for you?
- How soon must you meet any newly anticipated limits or milestones?
- Have you received NOVs, notices of deficiency, or draft permit changes in the last 24 months? What was the nature of the notice?
- What would be the immediate consequences (operational, financial, public) of missing a key permit requirement?
- How would you describe your regulatory agency’s stance toward your utility right now: collaborative, neutral, or enforcement-first?
What's Really Broken — Even If You've Learned to Live With It
- Which asset or process do you believe is closest to failure today?
- When was the last time you completed a formal condition assessment, CCTV, or asset inventory for the areas of concern?
- How often do unplanned bypasses, overflows, or major equipment failures occur?
- Tell us about one recent operational failure (what happened, how long, consequences).
- What internal constraints (staffing, spare parts, O&M budget) most limit your ability to keep aging assets running?
Who Holds the Keys — and Who Changes Their Mind?
- Which individual, board, or external authority could single-handedly stop or approve a major project in your jurisdiction?
- Who will be most politically sensitive to rate changes or construction impacts?
- Which internal roles own permitting, funding applications, and construction oversight today?
- How predictable are your Board/Council approval cycles and budgeting timelines?
- Describe a past stakeholder objection that nearly derailed a project — how was it handled and what would you do differently?
If You Can't Raise Rates, What Then?
- If raising rates were off the table, which funding strategy would you pursue first?
- What's your current debt capacity and any constraints tied to it (debt covenants, reserve targets)?
- Have you applied for SRF/WIFIA/grants recently? What was the outcome and key blockers?
- How important is minimizing rate impact compared with accelerating compliance or reducing long-term O&M costs?
- What internal approvals or documentation would we need to support a funding application on your behalf?
How Will You Know We Fixed It?
- List the top three measurable signals that would make you call this effort a success (e.g., permit limits met, % reduction in SSO/I&I, cost per MG treated).
- Which outcomes matter most to regulators versus which matter most to your ratepayers?
- What timeline is acceptable to demonstrate meaningful improvement after project completion?
- How do you currently measure performance (SCADA dashboards, lab sampling frequency, customer metrics)? What would you want to see in project reporting?
- Who will sign off that acceptance criteria have been met at construction closeout and during post-construction validation?
Why Past Fixes Didn't Stick — Let’s Learn From That
- What’s the single biggest reason previous projects failed to deliver expected outcomes?
- Describe a recent project that under-delivered—what were the warning signs early on?
- How accurate were initial cost and schedule estimates compared with final results on recent projects?
- How did procurement, contract structure, or contractor selection contribute to past issues?
- What process changes would reduce the chance of repeating those mistakes?
Could a Small Pilot Change the Whole Debate?
- If a low-cost pilot could reduce compliance risk or prove performance within 6–12 months, would you be willing to pursue it?
- What maximum one-time budget would you consider reasonable for a pilot that materially de-risks a regulatory or capital decision?
- Which pilot types feel most practical for your system?
- Who must approve a pilot and how quickly could you secure that approval?
- What objective thresholds would prompt you to scale a pilot into full implementation?
Next Steps — What Would Make This Easy to Say Yes To?
- If we delivered a concise discovery report with a permit-path roadmap, realistic cost ranges, and funding options, would that be sufficient to justify a formal proposal?
- What timeline do you need for an initial engineering discovery scope and estimated cost range?
- Which documents or datasets can you share right away to accelerate discovery (asset maps, flow data, lab results, CCTV, prior reports)?
- Who should join an initial kickoff from your side (names and roles), and who will be our day-to-day technical contact?
- Is there any immediate barrier (procurement rule, political event, data restriction) we should know about before starting discovery work?
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Solution Experience
Translate the utility’s specific pain (permits, I/I, lead lines, capacity) into a validated future state showing how targeted engineering, pilots, and funding strategies deliver compliance and rate-stability.
Experience Meetings
- Current-State Confirmation
- Consequence & Prioritization Workshop
- Future-State Design & Pilot Plan (Solution Experience)
- Funding Strategy & Rate-Impact Alignment
- Validation & Mutual Commitment Checkpoint
- Finance lead to produce a finalized funding strategy memo and application checklist within 7 business days.
- Prioritize the top problem areas to address based on impact and regulatory urgency.
- Identify target areas suitable for near-term pilots and engineering focus.
- Team to produce a consequences memo (including dollar estimates and timeline impacts) within 5 business days.
- Assign owners for the top 1–3 prioritized problem areas and schedule technical deep-dives for each.
- Regulatory lead to confirm permit and consent-decree deadlines and deliverable formats needed for mitigation plans.
- One-Sentence Future-State Objective
- Define and agree the future-state outcome in operational terms (one-sentence).
- Obtain validation that the proposed engineering approaches directly eliminate the quantified consequences.
- Approve a pilot plan with clear metrics and acceptance criteria that will prove the future state.
- Prepare and circulate the pilot SOW with instrumentation and sampling plan within 3 business days.
- Run and deliver a sensitivity analysis of the rate-impact model for the agreed scenarios.
- Procure quotes for pilot instrumentation and schedule installation window; assign procurement owner.
- Recap Future State & Pilot Outputs
- Select 1–2 preferred funding pathways matched to the project schedule and regulatory deadlines.
- Agree a rate-impact scenario that keeps rate changes within utility thresholds while delivering required compliance.
- Assign owners and timeline for funding applications and required documentation.
- Introductions & Objectives
- Complete and circulate the detailed rate-impact model with local tariff structures and proposed financing terms.
- Schedule pre-application meetings with state SRF/WIFIA contacts and assign attendees.
- Three-Sentence Recap (Current, Consequence, Future)
- Secure the utility's explicit validation that the proposed pilot and engineering approach prove the future state.
- Obtain commitment to the funding pathway and assign application owners with deadlines.
- Confirm readiness to advance to the Solution Scope stage with defined deliverables and owners.
- Utility to sign and return the pilot SOW and funding authorization memo within agreed timeframe.
- Team to assemble the Solution Scope kickoff package (design assumptions, pilot data plan, funding roadmap) and distribute to all owners.
- Regulatory liaison to prepare and submit any required pre-notifications or permit amendments needed for pilot execution.
- Produce and agree on a single, crystal-clear one-sentence current-state statement.
- Validate baseline datasets and surface any data gaps or measurement needs.
- Confirm stakeholder decision map and responsible contacts for remaining pre-work.
- Utility to deliver missing datasets and sample lab results identified during the meeting within 7 days.
- Facilitator to produce and circulate the agreed one-sentence current-state and list of assumptions within 2 business days.
- Schedule site walk and instrumentation check (if required) and assign owner for access and safety clearance.
- Re-state Current State
- Deliver a documented consequence summary with quantified cost and risk estimates.
- Pilot SOW & Acceptance Criteria Walkthrough
- Consequence Quantification — Regulatory & Operational
- One-Sentence Current-State Readback
- Diagnosis: Tie Problems to Root Causes
- Funding Options Presentation
- Proof: Targeted Engineering Approaches
- Data Review — Flows, Permits, Assets
- Financial Impact Estimation
- Funding Commitments & Timeline Review
- Rate Impact Modeling — Scenarios
- Alignment with Regulatory Deadlines & Milestones
- Stakeholder & Decision Map
- Decision Point — Commit or Iterate
- Pilot Scope, Metrics & Acceptance Criteria
- Prioritization Exercise
- Roles, Commitments & Application Roadmap
- Communication & Regulatory Submittal Plan
- Operational & Rate Stability Modeling Demo
- Regulatory & Funding Windows Map
- Assumptions, Gaps & Required Pre-work
- Confirm Next Deliverables and Dates
- Alignment & Next Steps
- Confirmation of Top Targets for Engineering & Pilots
- Validation & Confirmation Questions
- Decision & Contingency Plan
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Solution Scope
Define the design, pilot testing, permitting, funding support, construction observation, deliverables, and measurable acceptance criteria for the project.
Scope Configuration
- Produce construction-ready drawings and specifications
- Assemble bid-ready specifications and issue addenda
- Prepare engineer's opinion of probable construction cost
- Compile and submit NPDES and drinking-water permit applications
- Design pump/lift station mechanical and electrical plans
- Develop SCADA PLC code and HMI screen package
- Provide resident construction observation and daily reporting
- Review contractor shop drawings and respond to RFIs
- Coordinate construction testing and sampling (QA/QC)
- Perform equipment start-up, commissioning, and optimization
- Operate pilot treatment unit and deliver performance report
- Prepare SRF and WIFIA loan application packages
Scope Questions
Produce construction-ready drawings and specifications
- Do you require full bid-level (90-100%) construction drawings or preliminary/design-development drawings only?
- Which disciplines must be included on the construction drawings?
- Are as-built/record drawings required at closeout?
- What CAD/BIM standards or file formats do you require for deliverables?
- Are geotechnical, survey, or utility-locate inputs available or do you need the team to procure them?
- What is the target delivery timeline for final construction documents?
Assemble bid-ready specifications and issue addenda
- Do you want full CSI-format specifications or abbreviated project manuals?
- Will the project use alternate bids or multiple bid schedules that require separate specification sections?
- Who will be the issuing authority for addenda and how should RFI/addenda logs be maintained?
- Do you require assistance developing prequalification or mandatory bidder requirements?
- Are there specialty specification needs (e.g., pilot testing clauses, SRF/WIFIA contract clauses, Davis-Bacon/Prevailing Wage)?
- How many formal addenda do you anticipate needing during the bidding period?
Prepare engineer's opinion of probable construction cost
- Do you need a single preliminary cost estimate or a staged cost estimate tied to 30/60/90% design milestones?
- Should cost estimates include contingency, escalation, and risk allowances?
- What level of accuracy is required (order of magnitude, +/- 30%; concept, +/- 20%; detailed, +/- 10%)?
- Do you want life-cycle or OPEX modeling included with the capital cost opinion?
- Are vendor quotations or historical database pricing preferred as cost inputs?
- Do you require a written cost assumptions memo that documents scope, exclusions, and basis of estimate?
Compile and submit NPDES and drinking-water permit applications
- Which permits are required for the project? (select all that apply)
- Are existing permit limits and recent monitoring data available for permit application support?
- Do you require modeling (e.g., receiving water, pollutant loading, hydraulic) to support permit conditions?
- Should the submission package include public-notice and stakeholder outreach materials?
- Are there firm deadlines for permit submittal tied to funding or regulatory orders (provide dates)?
- Do you need the firm to attend agency meetings, hearings, or respond to agency comments during permit review?
- Do permitting deliverables need to include operations & maintenance plan updates or emergency response plans?
Design pump/lift station mechanical and electrical plans
- What is the anticipated duty cycle and design flows for the pump/lift station?
- Do you require wet-well, dry-pit, packaged, or prefabricated pump station design?
- Are backup power, redundancy (N+1), or emergency bypass requirements specified?
- What electrical deliverables are required (single-line diagrams, PLC I/O list, short-circuit/coordination studies)?
- Do you need HVAC, odor control, or access/safety design included with the pump station?
- Is special equipment (submersible vs. dry-pit pumps, VFDs, grinders) preferred or do you require vendor selection assistance?
Develop SCADA PLC code and HMI screen package
- Do you have an existing SCADA architecture and standards to conform to (protocols, tag conventions)?
- Which PLC and HMI platforms are preferred or currently in use?
- Will the SCADA package require secure remote access, historian integration, or cyber-security documentation?
- Do you require FAT/SAT testing, staged commissioning, and operator training as part of SCADA delivery?
- Should HMI screens include alarm handling workflows, operator procedures, and instrumentation daltons?
- Are cybersecurity and NERC/State-specific compliance requirements applicable to the SCADA implementation?
Provide resident construction observation and daily reporting
- What level of resident observation is required (full-time, part-time, weekly visits)?
- Do you require daily digital reporting with photos, QC checklists, and issue tracking?
- Will the resident observer manage contractor pay applications, submittals tracking, and schedule monitoring?
- Are specialized inspection needs anticipated (weld inspection, coating, bypass pumping oversight)?
- Do you require resident observation staff to be certified in confined-space entry, CPR, or other trainings?
- What is the expected construction duration and any phasing that affects observation scheduling?
Review contractor shop drawings and respond to RFIs
- Do you want the engineer to provide formal turnaround times and response SLAs for shop drawing reviews and RFIs?
- Approximately how many subcontractor/vendor packages do you anticipate (pumps, electrical, instrumentation, piping)?
- Should the firm perform detailed technical review (including dimension checks, load calculations) or high-level conformance review only?
- Do you require a formal RFI log and disposition tracking to be maintained and shared with the owner and contractor?
- Will the contractor submit for substitutions or equal requests that require evaluation against basis-of-design?
- Do you want the engineer to coordinate shop drawing approvals with vendor testing documentation and warranties?
Coordinate construction testing and sampling (QA/QC)
- Which types of QA/QC testing will be required during construction?
- Do you require the firm to coordinate third-party testing labs and sample chain-of-custody?
- Are there acceptance criteria or test thresholds that must be met for each testing type (provide or request to define)?
- Will sampling be needed for permit compliance during construction or only at performance testing?
- Do you require QA/QC reports bundled with pay applications and change order recommendations?
- Is there a requirement for witness testing by owner/regulatory representatives and scheduling support?
Perform equipment start-up, commissioning, and optimization
- Do you require full turnkey commissioning including pre-functional checks, functional testing, and performance testing?
- Are vendor factory acceptance tests (FATs) required prior to site delivery?
- Will the owner provide operations staff for joint start-up and training or is operator training included in scope?
- Should optimization include performance tuning for energy efficiency and chemical dosing with documented baselines?
- Do you require provisional performance guarantees or acceptance tests linked to contract milestones?
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Mutual Commit
Finalize commercial and contractual terms, responsibilities, milestones, and commitments for funding applications and regulatory submittals.
Agreement Modules
- Non-Disclosure Agreement (NDA)
- Master Services Agreement (MSA)
- Statement of Work (SOW)
- Payment & Funding Schedule
- Milestone, Acceptance & Deliverable Matrix
- Funding Application Authorization
- Permitting & Regulatory Submittal Responsibility Matrix
- Insurance, Bonding & Indemnity
- Change Order & Scope Management
- Performance Guarantees & Warranties
- Construction Observation & Resident Engineer Agreement
- Escrow / Security & Payment Assurance
- Project Governance & Decision-Making Charter
- Closeout, Warranties & O&M Transition
- Data Access, Document Rights & Record Deliverables
- Termination, Remedies & Dispute Resolution
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Deployment
Plan and execute design finalization, permitting, bidding, and construction with sequenced tasks, owners, and regulatory checkpoints.
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Success
Confirm permit compliance and operational performance, complete closeout documentation, and maintain a shared channel for punchlist items and enhancements.
Success Reviews
- Final Permit Compliance & Regulatory Acceptance
- Operational Performance Verification & Start-up Validation
- Closeout Documentation & Regulatory Submittals
- Punchlist, Warranty Tracking & Shared Channel Setup
- Operations Handover, Training Confirmation & Continuous Operations Plan
Issues & Enhancements
- Create the CustomerNode workspace, invite primary stakeholders, and post the initial punchlist export.
- If gaps exist, define discrete corrective actions with owners and test re-run dates.
- Publish a performance verification report bundling raw data, QA/QC, and conclusions for regulator and funding closeout.
- Schedule and document any re-tests required with clear acceptance criteria and dates.
- Create operator competency certificates and attach them to the project closeout folder.
- Meeting Kickoff & Deliverable Checklist
- Compile a complete, regulator- and funder-ready closeout package with owners for any missing items.
- Establish the official project records repository and access permissions for the utility and stakeholders.
- Schedule formal submittal dates and confirm point-of-contact for each regulatory/funding body.
- Finalize as-built drawings and upload to the agreed shared repository with version control.
- Assemble and submit the funding closeout packet to SRF/WIFIA by the agreed deadline.
- Deliver final O&M manuals and spare parts list to the utility and archive a master copy in the project folder.
- Workspace Launch & Access
- Stand up a shared, auditable channel for managing punchlist items and warranty claims with clear owners and SLAs.
- Ensure all outstanding defects are triaged, prioritized, and scheduled for resolution or documented as accepted by the utility.
- Agree on reporting metrics and review cadence to keep stakeholders informed during the warranty period.
- Introductions & Meeting Objectives
- Define SLAs for response and resolution of punchlist and warranty items and publish them in the channel.
- Schedule recurring punchlist review meetings (e.g., biweekly) and set KPIs dashboard access for stakeholders.
- Handover Summary & Acceptance Statement
- Secure formal operational acceptance or document remaining items preventing sign-off with remediation dates.
- Ensure operators are competent and have access to all O&M resources and emergency procedures.
- Agree on a schedule for performance reviews and a path for iterative improvements post-handover.
- Obtain final signed acceptance forms and place them in the project repository.
- Deliver any supplemental operator training sessions identified and document completion.
- Publish the 30/90/180 day performance review schedule and assign owners for KPI tracking.
- Establish whether the project meets permit limits and obtain explicit regulator acceptance or an agreed remediation plan.
- Document outstanding permit items with owners, deadlines, and risk mitigation measures.
- Create a short compliance timeline that ties to funding and final acceptance milestones.
- Prepare and submit any outstanding lab reports or chain-of-custody documentation to the regulator within agreed timeline.
- Assign an owner to track each open permit item and provide weekly status updates until closure.
- If required, draft a formal corrective action plan for regulator review and approval.
- Meeting Opening & Objectives
- Demonstrate with data that the installed systems achieve defined operational outcomes under normal and upset conditions.
- Confirm operator readiness and transfer of operational responsibilities.
- Current-state Compliance Summary
- As-built Drawings & Record Documentation
- One-sentence Current State Diagnosis
- Training Records & Competency Validation
- Punchlist Workflow & Prioritization
- Warranty & Minor Works Process
- O&M Manuals, SOPs, and Preventive Maintenance Schedules
- Regulatory Correspondence & Submittals
- Performance Test Results Review
- Emergency Response & Upset Procedures
- SCADA, Controls & Alarm Verification
- Consequence & Risk Assessment
- Enhancement Requests & Future Improvements
- Warranty & Vendor Documentation
- Spare Parts, Service Contracts & Maintenance Schedule
- Operator Validation & Training Confirmation
- Funding Closeout Packet
- Cadence & Reporting
- Continuous Monitoring & Performance Review Plan
- Decision & Acceptance Criteria
- Edge/Failure-Mode Testing
- Submission Plan & Repository
- Next Steps & Responsibilities
- Final Acceptance Signatures & Close
- Validation & Sign-off